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Pozycja Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe nr 2, 2009 (Liberty and virtue in America)(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2009) Bryk, Andrzej; McClay, Wilfred M.; Delsol, Chantal; Kraynak, Robert; Bradley, Gerard; Smith, Rogers; Gamble, Richard; Zuckert, Michael; Lawler, Peter Augustine; Zuckert, Catherine; Blitz, Mark; Rabkin, Jeremy; Kubiak, Hieronim; Kristol, Irving; Bryk, Andrzej; Bednarczyk, BogusławaPozycja Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe nr 2, 2010 (Miscellanea Americana)(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2010) Dębska, Marta; Bryk, Andrzej; du Vall, Marta; Brachowicz, Maciej; Kaczor, Wojciech; Musiewicz, Piotr; Marek, Rafał; Majorek, Marta; Szyjka, Beata; Zuckert, Catherine; Neuhaus, Richard John; Bryk, Andrzej; Bednarczyk, BogusławaThe present volume of Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe [Krakow International Studies] is as diverse as America is. Many of the problems discussed here seem from the European perspective – or at least the Western European one – exotic, even parochial, but this is a misunderstanding of what the United States is. In America they are real since America is a baroque, extremely pluralistic country, with the citizens devoid of an apologizing attitude towards the democratic process and debating fiercely in public. The first essay, by Marta Dębska, “A Brief History of Americanization”, is a general, concise historical-comparative study which explains the meaning of this term, crucial for America. Andrzej Bryk takes up an issue which Dębska touches on in the conclusion of her essay. Marta du Vall analyzes the very interesting phenomenon of American compassionate conservatism as a new version of the welfare state, an issue which has been in the air for a long time. Maciej Brachowicz discusses the topic of abortion, which in the American context is especially contested. The subject of Tocqueville and slavery has always fascinated students of America, and Wojciech Kaczor is no exception. He analyzes the problem from the point of view of a French aristocrat. In turn Piotr Musiewicz analyzes the question of the 19th-century movement reforming the doctrine of the Anglican Church and the repercussions of this reform for the American Episcopal Church. Rafał Marek takes up another topic connected with this religious side of American life, the issue of the Orthodox Church in the United States in the context of American church-state relations. Marta Majorek takes up the work of one of the best-known scholars and thinkers of anarchism, Robert Paul Wolff, living proof of the robust presence of the anarchist streak in the American psyche full of mistrust of state power. Beata Szyjka addresses the topic of the visa lottery in the United States, placing it within the historical, legal and social context of American immigration law. The last article in the volume is an exception to the entirely Polish group of mainly young students of America publishing in this volume. It is written by one of the most distinguished American scholars of political philosophy, Catherine H. Zuckert of the University of Notre Dame. It is devoted to the work of Ralph Ellison. As usual the American volume of Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe contains its Archive section. This time we publish an excerpt from a work by Richard John Neuhaus.Pozycja Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe nr 2, 2011 (The United States and religion)(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2011) Bryk, Andrzej; Allitt, Patrick; Barr, Stephen; Blitz, Mark; Domaradzki, Spasimir; Hayes, John; Hayes, John; Izquierdo, David Lorenzo; Lazarski, Christopher; Leo, Leonard; Mansfield, Harvey C.; McClay, Wilfred M.; Mittleman, Alan; Młodzianowska, Marta; Uberman, Robert; Weigel, George; Zuckert, Catherine; Neuhaus, Richard; Bryk, Andrzej; Bednarczyk, BogusławaPozycja Leo Strauss: Fascist, authoritarian, imperialist?(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2009) Zuckert, Catherine"In a letter he wrote to Karl Loewith on May 19, 1933 (just after the Nazis had come to power in Germany), Leo Strauss insisted in strong terms that he could not return to Germany so long as the Nazis were in power: I see no acceptable possibility of living under the swastika, i.e., under a symbol that says nothing more to me than: you and your ilk, you are physei [by nature] subhumans and therefore justly pariahs. There is in this case just one solution. We ... “men of science” – as our predecessors in the Arab Middle Ages called themselves – non habemus locum manentem, sed quaerimus [have no place to rest, but must seek]. But, Strauss continued: The fact that the new right-wing Germany does not tolerate us [Jews] says nothing against the principles of the right. To the contrary: only from the principles of the right, that is from fascist, authoritarian and imperial principles, is it possible with seemliness, that is, without resort to the ludicrous and despicable appeal to the droits imprescriptibles de l’homme to protest against the shabby abomination. I am reading Caesar’s Commentaries with deep understanding, and I think of Virgil’s Tu regere imperio… parcere subjectis et debellare superbos [You rule the world, sparing the vanquished and crushing the proud]. There is no reason to crawl to the cross, neither to the cross of liberalism, as long as somewhere in the world there is a glimmer of the spark of the Roman thought. And even then: rather than any cross, I’ll take the ghetto."(...)Pozycja Musings on mortality(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2011) Zuckert, Catherine"Death is a pervasive fact of human existence that both unites and divides us. The rational capacity that distinguishes human beings from other animals allows us to know—in a way more instinctively regulated creatures apparently do not, that we are going to die—and thus to take measure to forestall the inevitable. Many more human beings now live, on the average, much longer, than they did in the past—and yet, we still know, even better, if possible, that we are all going to die eventually, later if not sooner. The question thus arises, how do we live in the face of that fact—and, how should we?"(...)