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Pozycja Can Muslims be French Citizens? The North African Muslim Soldiers in the French Army during the Great War (1914–1918)(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2021) Zdanowski, Jerzy"North African Muslims gave their best sons to fighting for France and responded enthusiastically to France's call to join the fight against Germany. /... / They showed loyalty to the degree that amazed even the greatest Arabophobes. In this situation, we ask the French authorities: are the indigenous soldiers – conscripts and voluntary enlistments for the entire duration of the war – going to die as patriotic defenders, or are they cattle led to slaughter?" The author of these words was Lieutenant Rabah Boukabouya, an indigène from Algeria, a school teacher from Constantin, and a lieutenant in the Algerian units of the French Army. In 1915, he deserted along with 70 other soldiers and was sentenced by the French military to death as a traitor in absentia. During 1914–1918, the French Army deployed almost three hundred thousand Muslims from North Africa. The French authorities had to manage several challenges provoked by this fact. The first challenge was the cultural diversity of the newcomers. The Muslim soldiers had to eat, drink, to be healed and buried according to their tradition. The second challenge was the necessity of providing wages, enlistment bonuses, invalidity, and military pensions for soldiers and their families. At the center of the book's narrative is French authorities' third challenge, the naturalization of the indigènes. On November 20, 1914, Alexandre Millerand, Minister of War, proposed to create formal and legal possibilities for Algerian soldiers to choose between their current personal status and the acceptance of French citizenship (la nationalité française) as "compensation for their loyalty to us." Finally, this idea was rejected. The answer to why this happened requires explaining the historical context of the events in question, particularly the political culture of France during the Third Republic.Pozycja Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe nr 1, 2012 (Arabska wiosna rok później)(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2012) Kubiak, Hieronim; Głuszkowska, Aleksandra; Kusy, Joanna; Lipa, Michał; Laskowski, Piotr; Niziński, Piotr; Dzisiów-Szuszczykiewicz, Aleksandra; Brataniec, Katarzyna; Zamojska, Aleksandra; Bahlawan, Natalia; Wolańska, Diana; Rusinek, Anna; Świech-Szczepańska, Monika; Tonta, Rachela; Wójcik, Agata; Bakalarska, Malwina; Busari, Muheez; Czornik, Katarzyna; Al-Temimi, Damian; Zając, Justyna; Krasnowolska, Margerita; Lasoń, Marcin; Zdanowski, Jerzy; Bednarczyk, BogusławaPozycja Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe nr 1, 2014 (Przestrzeń wolności, równości i bezpieczeństwa - 10 lat po rozszerzeniu UE)(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2014) Czermińska, Małgorzata; Kolendowska-Matejczuk, Marta; Feczko, Piotr; Bednarczyk, Bogusława; Kubiak-Cyrul, Agnieszka; Bojenko-Izdebska, Ewa; Paterek, Anna; Pawlik, Renata; Bainczyk, Magdalena; Stankiewicz, Jakub; Szwarc, Karolina; Tijani, Youns; Michalski, Mark; Bednarczyk, Bogusława; Bednarczyk, BogusławaPozycja Maroko po "Rewolucji". Kierunki przemian społeczno-politycznych(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2012) Brataniec, Katarzyna; Zamojska, AleksandraWith few exceptions the Arab world has made a big progress toward political liberalization in the recent two years. Morocco could be a model to follow for other countries if it sustains current direction of political change. The King Muhammad VI decided to lead important reforms: amendment to the Constitution, separation of the structures of power and independence of the judiciary. In this way, the situation has not led to signifiant outburst of citizen anger and rioting like in a number of Arab states. Political and social reforms were initiated by the King addressing the requests and needs of the society, for example the reform of family code called Mudawwana. Muhammad VI recognized the multicultural roots of Moroccan society, confirmed gender equality and extended the freedom of speech. Yet, these changes did not address the needs of all social groups. Demands for more responsive and accountable government, pressures for economic reforms, and greater pluralism in the shaping of public policy arose in Morocco. Nevertheless, opposition considered these changes insufficient, given the scale of youth unemployment, lack of prospects, failure of woman’s rights and crisis of education. In Morocco state legitimacy does not decline because of a particular position of the King, religious legitimacy of power and specific political culture of Moroccan society. According to many analysts, the Kingdom of Morocco did not dismantle the basic structures of power, especially the influential elite institution – machzen.Pozycja Siły zbrojne Algierii, Mauretanii, Maroka i Tunezji. Stan obecny i perspektywy(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2018) Królikowski, HubertSił zbrojne Algierii, Maroka, Mauretanii i Tunezji są stosunkowo słabo opisane w polskiej literaturze naukowej. W każdym z tych czterech państw stan i możliwości rozwoju potencjału militarnego są inne, każde z nich w inny sposób doświadczyło Arabskiej Wiosny. Ponadto państwa te były w ciągu ostatnich kilku lat rosnącym rynkiem uzbrojenia i dokonywały istotnych zmian jakościowych w swoich siłach zbrojnych. Szczególnie Algieria i Maroko dbają o rozwój własnego przemysłu obronnego. Sam opis stanu sił zbrojnych wymienionych państw oraz międzynarodowej współpracy wojskowej jest interesujący z powodu ukazania różnic w podejściu do rozwoju potencjału militarnego przez państwa z tego samego regionu, stojące przed podobnymi zagrożeniami. Słowa kluczowe: siły zbrojne, Algieria, Maroko, Mauretania, Tunezja, Afryka PółnocnaPozycja Współpraca energetyczna Maroka i Niemiec–uwarunkowania, geneza i rozwój(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2019) Molo, BeataThe article presents selected issues of energy cooperation between Morocco and Germany. The starting point of the considerations are data on the Moroccan energy situation as well as assumptions and objectives of Morocco’s energy policy in the 21st century. In addition, the study presents the causes and development of bilateral energy cooperation, including in particular manifestations of Germany’s involvement in the process of creating and achieving Morocco’s energy policy goals. It discusses the essence of the energy partnership of Morocco and Germany, as well as selected examples of Moroccan projects co-fi nanced by German institutions in the fi eld of renewable energy development and increasing energy effi ciency.