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    Association between PM10 air pollution and birth weight after full-term pregnancy in Krakow city 1995–2009 – trimester specificity
    (http://www.aaem.pl/, 2015) Merklinger-Gruchała, Anna; Kapiszewska, Maria
    Introduction and objective. The results of epidemiological studies indicate that the higher maternal exposure to air pollution, especially with particulate matter during pregnancy, the lower the infant’s birth weight. The aim of this study was to estimate entire pregnancy and trimester-specific exposure of pregnant women in the city of Krakow, southern Poland, to fine particulate matter [≤10 μg (PM10)], and to assess its effect on the birth weight of boys and girls separately. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 85,000 singleton, live, full-term births in Krakow city during a 15-year period (data from the birth registry). The mean concentrations of the pollutant for each month of gestation were estimated using continuous municipal monitoring data. Results. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the mean PM10 concentration during entire pregnancy was inversely associated with birth weight in girls and the group of boys and girls combined, after adjusting for maternal age, gestational age and year of birth; in boys the relationship was not statistically significant. Maternal exposure to PM10 during the first trimester was negatively associated with birth weight separately in girls and boys, and the group of boys and girls combined. However, the PM10 exposure during the second and third trimester of pregnancy was not associated with birth weight. Conclusions. PM10 air pollution at levels currently encountered in Krakow city adversely affect infant birth weight; however, the effect seems to be very small. The influence of particulate air pollution on foetal growth in early gestation is one of several possible explanations for the results, but further research is needed to establish possible biological mechanisms explaining the observed relationship.
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    Oddziaływanie zanieczyszczeń powietrza na kondycję płodu
    (Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2011) Merklinger-Gruchała, Anna; Kapiszewska, Maria
    Epidemiologia i biologia reprodukcyjna dostarczają wielu dowodów wskazujących na większą wrażliwość płodów i noworodków na toksyny środowiskowe w porównaniu z osobami dorosłymi. Do najbardziej wrażliwych okresów w życiu rozwijającego się organizmu zalicza się okres ciąży między innymi ze względu na szybkość proliferujących komórek i zmiany w metabolizmie hormonalnym. Zaobserwowano negatywny wpływ zanieczyszczeń powietrza, takich jak dwutlenek siarki, tlenki azotu i tlenek węgla na rozwój płodu. Odzwierciedla się to przede wszystkim w przedwczesnym porodzie, upośledzeniu wewnątrzmacicznego wzrostu (ang. intrauterine growth retardiation – IUGR), zwanym także hipotrofią wewnątrzmaciczną, oraz niską masą urodzeniową. Efekt ten jest najsilniejszy jeśli zagrożenie miało miejsce w trakcie pierwszego trymestru ciąży. W artykule omówiono długoterminowe konsekwencje narażenia na niekorzystne warunki środowiskowe w okresie prenatalnym, a także wpływ zanieczyszczeń powietrza w dorosłości na układ rozrodczy. Wskazano także problemy metodologiczne napotykane w trakcie badania zależności pomiędzy zanieczyszczeniami atmosferycznymi a stanem zdrowia noworodków
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    Short interpregnancy interval and low birth weight: a role of parity
    (Wiley, 2015-03) Merklinger-Gruchała, Anna; Jasienska, Grazyna; Kapiszewska, Maria
    Objectives: Short interpregnancy intervals (IPI) and high parity may be synergistically associated with the risk of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. This study tests if the effect of short IPI on the odds ratio for low birth weight (LBW, <2,500 g) differs across parity status. Methods: The study was carried out on the birth registry sample of almost 40,000 singleton, live-born infants who were delivered between the years 1995 and 2009 to multiparous mothers whose residence at the time of infant’s birth was the city of Krakow. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used for testing the effect of IPI on the odds ratio (OR) for LBW, after controlling for employment, educational and marital status, parity, sex of the child, maternal and gestational age. Stratified analyses (according to parity) and tests for interaction were performed. Results: Very short IPI (0–5 months) was associated with an increased OR for LBW, but only among high parity mothers with three or more births (OR = 2.64; 95% CI 1.45–4.80). The test for interaction between very short IPI and parity on the OR for LBW was statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons (P = 0.04). Among low parity mothers (two births) no statistically significant associations were found between IPI and LBW after standardization. Conclusion: Parity may modify the association between short birth spacing and LBW. Women with very short IPI and high parity may have a higher risk of having LBW infants than those with very short IPI but low parity.