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    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe 2023, nr 1 (XX), The Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Middle East
    (Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2023) Zdanowski, Jerzy; Alibabalu, Sayyad Sadri; Krzyżanowski, Marcin; Zahirinejad, Mahnaz; Olszowska, Karolina Wanda; Lipa, Michał; Styszyński, Marcin; Wróblewski, Bartosz; Pikulski, Aleksander
    Introduction: "The outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, seen by many analysts as a ‘proxy war’ between the United States and the Russian Federation, can be seen as another manifestation of tensions developing in East-West relations since at least 2008. At that time, not only was there a global financial crisis that undermined confidence in the liberal world order (global market mechanisms and economic institutions controlled by the Western powers) but there was also the outbreak of the Russian-Georgian war, a prelude to the subsequent Ukrainian crisis (2013–2014) and Russia’s annexation of Crimea."(...)
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    What the Russian war in Ukraine means for the Middle East?
    (Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2023) Zdanowski, Jerzy
    This article refers to the impact the war in Ukraine had on the policy of the Middle East countries in the international and domestic aspects and what development of events can be expected in this connection. The Middle East countries reacted quickly to the war in Ukraine; most condemned Russia’s aggression. However, none sided with Ukraine, and Iran firmly sided with Russia. How to explain it? Also, Arab public opinion did not accept the Western narrative about the causes of the war in Ukraine. Was it the result of Russian propaganda, or were there more profound reasons? Washington strongly pressured its Middle Eastern allies to move away from their policy of neutrality. Still, a year after the aggression, the Middle East not only continued to maintain relations with Russia but also expanded its scope. Was it the result of the rejection of American paternalism or the greater autonomy of the region’s countries in the conditions of multipolarity in international relations? The article tries to explain these questions within the methodology and terminology of constructing scenarios of future trends in international relations.