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    Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka 2023, nr 3 (LII) The causes, course and possible consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war from the perspective of Poland, France and New Zealand
    (Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2023) Lasoń, Marcin; Issa, Alex; Johanson, Terry; Pawłuszko, Tomasz; Jureńczyk, Łukasz; Mickiewicz, Piotr; Kasprzycki, Daniel D.; Czermińska, Małgorzata; Hlebowicz, Sylwia; Młynarski, Tomasz; Kalos, Aram; Welc, Henry; Kodalazian, Carene; El-Bazzal, Nathalie; Greener, Bethan K.; Wood, Aaron; Barney, Andrew R.; Sanders, Tetyana
    Introduction: "This issue of Security: Theory and Practice represents unique international cooperation among the academics of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, ESSEC Business School, and Massey University. Three editors Marcin Lasoń (editor in chief), Alex Issa (editor in France), and Lieutenant Colonel (retired) Terence Johanson (editor in New Zealand) gathered carefully selected authors to share their expertise and personal views on the Russian-Ukrainian war."(...)
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    The trade effects of the war in Ukraine from the European Union’s and – in particular – Poland’s perspective
    (2023) Czermińska, Małgorzata
    The war in Ukraine is the third asymmetric shock that the European Union has experienced in the last two decades, after the 2008 financial and economic crisis, the following Eurozone crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although Russia’s and Ukraine’s shares in the global trade and production are relatively small, they are important suppliers of basic products, specifically food and energy. Therefore, the trade consequences of the war for the European Union, Ukraine’s important trading partner, deserve special attention. The war also disrupts trade relations between the EU and Russia. The EU’s direct trade sanctions are limited to specific sectors, such as oil, coal, arms, dual-use goods, as well as the aviation and space industry. However, financial sanctions, particularly the SWIFT ban imposed on seven Russian banks, increase the costs of commercial transactions considerably. This paper aims to present the trade effects of the war in Ukraine from the European Union’s, Member States’ and, in particular, Poland’s perspective. This refers not only to the trade creation and diversion effect, but also to changes in the structure of the EU’s trade regarding the main groups of goods. These effects will vary depending on direct trade links, dependence on Russian energy and susceptibility to rising energy prices. Given an extensive range of parties involved and issues covered by the research, this paper focuses only on the main aspects of the problem.