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    Humiliations: Middle Eastern middle class and the war in Ukraine
    (Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2023) Zahirinejad, Mahnaz
    The dominant view towards the Middle East is that the region is stuck in the past and plagued by conflict. Therefore, it was anticipated that Middle Eastern states would take a side in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Despite expressing sympathy for Ukrainians due to their own experiences of humiliation caused by several wars, the Middle Eastern people and states remained cautious and chose to avoid getting involved in the conflict. It seems that the view of the Middle Eastern middle class had an influence on state decision-making regarding involvement in the war in Ukraine. Considering the rise of an educated middle class in the region, it can be hypothesized that the middle class’s priority is political-economic instability rather than engaging in further wars. The objective of this research is to comprehensively understand the Middle Eastern middle class’s viewpoint on war.
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    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe 2023, nr 1 (XX), The Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Middle East
    (Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2023) Zdanowski, Jerzy; Alibabalu, Sayyad Sadri; Krzyżanowski, Marcin; Zahirinejad, Mahnaz; Olszowska, Karolina Wanda; Lipa, Michał; Styszyński, Marcin; Wróblewski, Bartosz; Pikulski, Aleksander
    Introduction: "The outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, seen by many analysts as a ‘proxy war’ between the United States and the Russian Federation, can be seen as another manifestation of tensions developing in East-West relations since at least 2008. At that time, not only was there a global financial crisis that undermined confidence in the liberal world order (global market mechanisms and economic institutions controlled by the Western powers) but there was also the outbreak of the Russian-Georgian war, a prelude to the subsequent Ukrainian crisis (2013–2014) and Russia’s annexation of Crimea."(...)
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