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Results of Polygraph Examinations: Direct or Circumstantial Evidence?
(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2014) Widacki, Jan
"The division of evidence into bezpośrednie (direct) and pośrednie (circumstantial) is commonly used in the Polish doctrine (Cieślak 1955, Gaberle 2007, J. Nelken 1970). In both languages, “circumstantial evidence” stands in opposition to “direct evidence” (Ingram 2012, Inman, Rudin: 2001, Roberts, Redmayne 2001, Kiely 2001). Let’s imagine a following case: X Thas admitted to murdering A. Witness Y testified that The saw X killing A. Trace of A’s DNA was discovered on tThe clothing of X."(...)