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Pozycja Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka 2022, nr 3 (XLVIII): The Total Defence 21st century.COM – building a resilient society(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2022) Lasoń, Marcin; Klisz, Maciej; Elak, Leszek; Jones, Derek; Love, J. Bryant; Borkowski, Robert; Reczkowski, Robert; Lis, Andrzej; Czarny, Roman S.; Kubiak, Krzysztof; Michalak, Artur; Bonomi, Nicola; Bergonzini, Stefano; Majchrowska, Elżbieta; Wiśniewska-Paź, Barbara; Polko, Paulina; Mehan, Brian; Fiala, Otto C.; Allers, Edgars; Śliwa, Zdzisław; Fabian, Sandor; Johanson, Terry; Grzela, Joanna; Bērziņš, Jānis; Stringer, Kevin D.; Issa, Alex; Grandi, Marco Massimo; Łazarek, Sławomir; Lipert-Sowa, Monika; Lakomy, Miron; Kuśmirek, Karolina; Marcinko, Marcin; Matyók, Thomas; Zajc, Srečko; Pieczywok, Andrzej; Czornik, Katarzyna; Urych, Ilona; Leśniewski, Zbigniew; Lech, Kamila; Laskowski, Mirosław; Pietrzak, Patrycja; Czernik, Paulina; Halicka, Barbara; Ostolski, Paweł Rafał; Marek, MichałIntroduction: "When we started working on the issue entitled “The Total Defence 21st century. COM – building a resilient society”, we did not know then how topical this issue would become. We were aware of its importance, especially since 2014, which was the beginning of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. However, we did not think that the need to build an effective concept of total/comprehensive defence, and then its implementation, would become so pressing in February 2022. Two of the three general regularities in the history of international relations have also become extremely topical. We are talking about the clash between imperial and polyarchic tendencies, and nations’ desire to express their independence and identity, and as a result, to have their own state. It can be assumed that in order to achieve this goal, as well as for small and medium-sized states to be able to defend themselves against the forces of empires and effectively deter them, they must use the concept of total/comprehensive defence, in its improved, 21st century version."(...)Pozycja Communicating the resistance(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2022) Fiala, Otto C.The article is an expansion and elaboration of the vital concept of communication or strategic communication, as originally expressed in the Resistance Operating Concept. It examines how a state that chooses to authorise a resistance organisation as part of its national defence plan communicates the existence of that organisation through the four phases: pre-conflict, crisis, occupation, and resumption of sovereignty. It also covers communication directed at specific target audiences (domestic, allied and partner governments and citizenry, and the adversary government and citizenry) during the lifespan of resistance. It broadly examines the actions and messages, or communication intended for each audience in each phase and the intended effects of such communication. Additionally, it focuses on the concept of legitimacy of resistance. This legitimacy is granted by authorising a resistance organisation through an established legal framework and by adherence to the law of armed conflict during wartime. A government establishing such an organisation must also consider the option of a displaced or exiled government in extremis, accounted for under international law, and its effect on communicating and continuing resistance. The article also references concurrent examples of effective communication from Ukraine during the 2022 Russian war on Ukraine.Pozycja Professional resistance forces as a defence framework for small countries(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2022) Fabian, SandorDue to Russia’s aggressive actions in their neighbourhood, Eastern and Northern European countries were forced to take a critical look at their homeland defence capabilities and realised that their defence capabilities have significant gaps. However, instead of developing strategies and designing defence organisations that reflect their available resources and fit the challenges they are facing, these countries once again implemented solutions that reflect the dominant Western conventional military norms. Although through the implementation of the so-called “total defence” strategies some of these countries have augmented their conventional approach with some paramilitary, unconventional formations, their solutions still reflect how the West thinks wars should be waged and professional military organisations should act and be organised. This article suggests that these countries need to abandon their military orthodoxy and completely redesign their defence approaches based on unconventional warfare foundations and build a new version of state-owned, standardised, and professional military that is organised, equipped, and trained to fight based on different norms than our current ones. To propose some ideas to such changes, the article draws lessons from the case studies of the First Russo-Chechen War and the Second Lebanese War.Pozycja Resilience and Resistance 2.0: initial lessons of Ukraine and the implications of resilience and resistance efforts to deter and respond to invasion and occupation by revisionist powers(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2022) Jones, Derek; Love, J. BryantCivil-defence resilience capacities focus on man-made threats to national security. While terror attacks like 9/11 drove civil-defence efforts throughout the 2000s, the Russian invasion of portions of Ukraine in 2014 forced nations to build resilience against new threats. These included covert grey-zone and disinformation operations. Additionally, the 2014 events forced nations bordering or within the sphere of influence of revisionist nations to begin to prepare for possible invasion and occupation. Recognition of these threats resulted in two multinational doctrinal concepts that set the stage for what is collectively referred to as resilience and resistance (R&R). Resilience is the efforts by a nation prior to a conflict to build pre-crisis capacity to resist a host of threats, including invasion and occupation, in hopes of deterring threat actions. If deterrence fails, then the efforts transition into resistance to invasion and occupation. The Russian 2022 invasion of Ukraine demonstrated the need for R&R and the strengths and weaknesses of national resistance in action. This event is a strategic R&R inflection point. Nations developing R&R should reflect on and apply the lessons learned from Ukraine’s efforts and ultimately establish R&R 2.0 as an irregular deterrent on par and mutually supporting conventional and nuclear deterrents.Pozycja The resilience theorem as a new way to conceptualise security and defence(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2022) Borkowski, RobertResilience is a relatively new conceptual category used when considering security and defence. It means adaptability, resistance to threats, flexibility of response, and the ability to regenerate. The term resilience has been present in English for a long time, as evidenced by the presence of this term in old dictionaries of the English language. Originally, its meaning related to medicine and mechanics, a bit later – to human psychology, and today it has extended to the issues of resilience of cities, societies, and entire countries. An attempt at applying this new conceptualisation is associated with the recognition that the current security paradigm is losing its relevance in a rapidly changing and complex world. The changing scale of threats makes it necessary to search for new theoretical foundations for creating an effective defence policy. However, the theory of resilience has not yet been fully formulated, at best, only its theorem has. The aim of this article is to present the significance of this conceptual category, to indicate the theoretical concepts underlying this conceptualisation in social sciences, and to reflect on the value of the concept of resilience for security and defence.Pozycja The total defence snap link for national resistance: territorial defence forces – the Swiss example(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2022) Stringer, Kevin D.For nations facing expansionist and revisionist neighbours such as Russia or China, a total defence approach provides a mechanism to protect both territorial integrity and political sovereignty. A key component for any effective total defence concept is volunteer, citizen- soldier territorial defence forces (TDF). This paper emphasises the role these territorial formations play as the critical snap link between the military and civilian population in such a national defence strategy. The territorial defence forces, like the snap link in mountaineering, connect the military to the civilian population in a way to ensure popular support for national resistance efforts. The article offers the historical example of Switzerland as an exemplar of total defence from 1939 to 1991 and demonstrates the role its citizen-soldier forces played in linking the population to overall resistance efforts. This Swiss historical experience provides three main concepts for consideration today: (1) the creation of a government directed and functional levée en masse that mobilizes the entire population to support total defence; (2) the establishment of a national redoubt or refuge, either in-country or abroad, to provide sanctuary for the resistance movement; (3) and the organisation of specialised, multi-crisis capable territorial units for the full range of total defence missions.Pozycja Ways of Revealing Resistance Against Polygraph Testing(Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, 2008) Korovin, Vladimir V.; Soshnikov, Aleksandr P.; Sokolovskis, Stanislav"Itis logical to assume that practically all examined persons involved in events under investigation in one form or another (skilfully or unskilfully) try to resist a polygraph. Considering the easy access to information on modern technologies of carrying out psychophysiological tests in screening (PPT) and ways of fighting against them, the problem of effective attempts at resist ance becomes rather relevant. "(...)