Both German minority in Poland and Polonia in Germany constitute undoubtedly – along with the history, geographical location and common membership of the Republic of Poland’s and German Federal Republic’s to EU and NATO – one of more important determinants of relations between both states. As to the issue of execution of rights of Germans in Poland and Polonia in German the breakthrough took place as a result of signing Treaty on good neighborhood and friendly cooperation on 17.06.1991. On both sides though there are the charges formulated about the lack of full execution of the Treaty provisions. The subject of controversy is, on the one hand, their status – inequality of terminology used in the Treaty on good neighborhood and friendly cooperation, precisely the lack of term “Polish minority” with regard to Polonia in Germany, which is the result of not recognizing of Poles as the national minority by the Germans. On the other hand there are divergences in the views on the state of execution of the rights of both groups (especially rights of Polonia in Germany), including, among others, inadequate funds, compared to the needs, spent on their activities. Asymmetry in executing of rights of Polonia in Germany on the one hand and ten times less numerous German minority in Poland on the other hand, still exists. Since 2010 these disproportions have been the topic of bilateral talks at the governmental level as well as the talks between those interested ones within the framework of so called Round Table.